There was no uniform land revenue system in India before the
There was no uniform land revenue system in India before the implementation of Permanent Settlement. In different areas, taxes were charged from land in different ways. The system that was prevalent before the British rule and in their early stages is called "temporary settlement" or "annual settlements".
🔹 Land system before permanent settlement:
1. Land system of Mughal period:
• Tax was fixed according to the measurement and yield of the land.
• Todarmal's settlement system (time of Akbar) was prominent.
• The farmer was the real tenant of the land.
• Zamindars were only tax collectors, not the owners of the land.
2. Early policies of British rule:
• When the British took the civil rights (1765) of Bengal, they got the responsibility of land tax system.
• He initially did "annual settlement" - that is, tax was done every year by surveying the land.
• This system was temporary and disorganized, causing fluctuations in the government's income.
3. Revenue Recovery Methods (1765–1793):
• East India Company recovered taxes through local Amins, Zamindars and Jagirdars.
• Tax rates were unclear and corruption was increasing.
• Both farmers and zamindars were dissatisfied with this system.
🔸 Why did permanent settlement need?
Causal details
Uncertainty of revenue was unstable with the changing year-on-year.
The administrative burden was difficult and expensive to create a new system every year.
The decline in agricultural production was not a sense of security among farmers, so they produced less.
The company wanted the zamindars to be a permanent owner and they should work in the interest of the government themselves.
There was no uniform land revenue system in India before the implementation of Permanent Settlement. In different areas, taxes were charged from land in different ways. The system that was prevalent before the British rule and in their early stages is called "temporary settlement" or "annual settlements".
🔹 Land system before permanent settlement:
1. Land system of Mughal period:
• Tax was fixed according to the measurement and yield of the land.
• Todarmal's settlement system (time of Akbar) was prominent.
• The farmer was the real tenant of the land.
• Zamindars were only tax collectors, not the owners of the land.
2. Early policies of British rule:
• When the British took the civil rights (1765) of Bengal, they got the responsibility of land tax system.
• He initially did "annual settlement" - that is, tax was done every year by surveying the land.
• This system was temporary and disorganized, causing fluctuations in the government's income.
3. Revenue Recovery Methods (1765–1793):
• East India Company recovered taxes through local Amins, Zamindars and Jagirdars.
• Tax rates were unclear and corruption was increasing.
• Both farmers and zamindars were dissatisfied with this system.
🔸 Why did permanent settlement need?
Causal details
Uncertainty of revenue was unstable with the changing year-on-year.
The administrative burden was difficult and expensive to create a new system every year.
The decline in agricultural production was not a sense of security among farmers, so they produced less.
The company wanted the zamindars to be a permanent owner and they should work in the interest of the government themselves.
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