India has combined 29 existing labour laws into four new lab
India has combined 29 existing labour laws into four new labour codes — the Code on Wages, Industrial Relations Code, Social Security Code, and Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code — with major provisions coming into effect from 21 November 2025. The reforms aim to simplify compliance for businesses while improving worker protections. Key changes include a universal minimum-wage right for all employees, updated wage definitions that may impact take-home salary, extended social security to gig and platform workers, and clearer rules on working conditions and safety, such as weekly limits on working hours and annual health checks for older workers. The Industrial Relations Code allows more flexibility for employers in layoffs by increasing thresholds for prior government approval, which has raised concerns among trade unions. While the reform is considered one of the biggest labour overhauls since Independence, its success depends on timely and uniform implementation by states.
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